『保健医療科学』 第62巻 第2号, p.172－181 （2013年4月）
特集：現存被ばく状況下における放射線リスクコミュニケーション <報告>
福島第一原子力発電所事故による地域社会と医療への影響
及川友好
南相馬市立総合病院
抄録
福島県太平洋岸北部に位置する相双地区は東日本大震災による地震，津波および福島第一原子力発電所事故の影響が甚大かつ広範囲であり，被災初期には復興そのものが不可能とさえ思われた．しかしながら，震災６ヶ月後には２０～３０km圏内に発令および設定された屋内退避指示，緊急時避難準備区域は完全に解除され，計画的避難区域も地域の実情に即し緩和されている．１年１ヶ月後には原発２０km圏内の立ち入りを禁止した警戒区域も解除され，原発に１０kmの位置まで近づけるようになった．
南相馬市は，福島第一原子力発電所から半径２０～３０km圏内の自治体の中では最も人口が多く（震災前人口約７万１千５百人），唯一市町村避難をしなかった自治体でもある．また，震災後も人が住み続けた行政区として，原発最前線地域とも呼ばれている．この地域では，地震津波による被害もさることながら，特に放射線被害は甚大であり，表面上の街の再生とは裏腹に，今も多くの問題点を抱えている．
震災後の混乱で多くの貴重な資料が失われたが，本稿では相双地区，南相馬市，南相馬市立総合病院において残されたデータをもとに，東日本大震災後に生じた様々な事象を，可及的正確に記述し報告する．
キーワード： 原子力災害対策措置法，原子力発電所事故，公衆衛生
Abstract
The Soso region of Japan, located in the northern part of the Pacific side of Fukushima Prefecture, has suffered tremendously from widespread damage caused by the earthquake, tsunami and the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident. Immediately after the disaster it even seemed that the restoration of this region itself would not be possible. However after six months, the Indoor Restriction Order and evacuation orders within a 20 to 30 km zone from the plant, such as the Evacuation-Prepared Area in Case of Emergency, were lifted and all of those restrictions for the planned evaluation zone has been eased in line with the actual conditions of each region. A year and a month after the earthquake, the Caution Zone, which was declared to prohibit the entry to the zone within the 20 km radius from the plant, was lifted. Thus people can now enter as close as 10km from the plant.
Minami-Soma city is an administrative district which had the largest population (approximately 71,500 residents) within the 20 to 30 km zone prior to the earthquake. It was, also, the only district where the evacuation was not conducted by the municipality. The city is now called the Genpatsu frontline district as it is the closest city to the plant where people have continued to live. Due to the damage caused by the earthquake and Tsunami, the city has suffered both from destruction by the tsunami and radiation, and people are still facing numerous problems despite the fact that the city appears to have been restored on its surface.
It is very unfortunate that much of the medical data from the region was lost in the confusion after the Great East Japan Earthquake. In this paper various facts after the disaster based on the data left in the So-so region, Minamisoma city, and Minamisoma municipal general hospital are reported.
keywords: the Great East Japan Earthquake, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, external radiation exposure, internal radiation exposure, indoor restriction order, evacuation-prepared area in case of emergency